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The number of new electric vehicles eligible for a $7,500 federal tax credit fell by almost half on Tuesday, as new rules issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury took effect.
However, consumers in the market for an electric passenger vehicle can still access a tax break by instead buying a used EV or leasing a vehicle, experts said.
The Inflation Reduction Act’s EV requirements
Among other measures, the law offered tax incentives to encourage Americans to shift to cleaner cars and trucks that don’t burn fossil fuels.
It extended an existing nonrefundable tax credit — worth up to $7,500 — through 2032 for consumers who purchase new electric vehicles. But the law also tweaked the eligibility requirements for buyers and automakers.
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For example, as of Aug. 17, final assembly of the car had to take place in North America.
The law also directed the Treasury Department to draft two additional rules that apply to the sourcing of car-battery components and critical minerals. Lawmakers’ aim is to encourage carmakers to build batteries using domestic supply chains instead of relying on countries like China for essential parts.
Those requirements kick in on April 18 and phase in over a few years. Auto and tax experts had expected the number of EVs eligible for the full $7,500 to fall temporarily as automakers ramp up their supply chains.
Before Tuesday, 41 new vehicles from 14 automakers were eligible for at least a partial tax credit in 2023, according to a list compiled by the U.S. Department of Energy.
President Joe Biden signs the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 at the White House on Aug. 16, 2022.
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Now, 22 cars from seven car companies — Cadillac, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Ford, Jeep, Lincoln and Tesla — qualify for at least a partial tax break, about half the number of the original list.
Cars manufactured by Audi, BMW, Genesis, Nissan, Rivian, Volkswagen and Volvo no longer qualify for the time being, according to the Energy Department list.
Price-conscious consumers who want to buy an electric car or truck and claim a tax break — but don’t see a car they like on the existing list of qualifying new EVs — have other avenues, which come with fewer restrictions.
A $4,000 tax credit for used EVs
The Inflation Reduction Act also created a tax credit for consumers who buy used electric or fuel-cell vehicles.
The tax break for used cars, which took effect this year, is worth $4,000 or 30% of the sale price, whichever is less.
This “previously owned clean vehicles credit” doesn’t carry any of the manufacturing rules tied to new EVs, making it a potential workaround for consumers who are in the market for an electric vehicle and want to maximize their tax savings.
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“If the new vehicle you want isn’t eligible [for the $7,500 credit], you might be able to save some money [by buying a used EV] and get a tax credit,” said Ingrid Malmgren, policy director at Plug In America.
The used vehicle credit applies to a broad selection of cars, she said. Consumers can consult an IRS list to verify which used vehicles qualify.
Here are some of the criteria for cars and consumers to qualify for the credit:
- The car must be purchased from a licensed dealer.
- The model year must be at least 2 years old.
- The sale price must be $25,000 or less.
- It’s only available to individuals, not businesses.
- Buyers are ineligible for a credit if their annual income exceeds certain thresholds: $75,000 for singles, $112,500 for heads of household and $150,000 for married couples filing a joint tax return. Buyers assess income for the year in which they acquired the car or the prior year, whichever is less. (Income is measured as “modified adjusted gross income.” You can consult these FAQs to determine how to calculate modified AGI.)
Those income limits are “much lower” than the one that applies to the $7,500 tax credit for new vehicles, said Katherine Breaks, a managing director in KPMG’s tax credit and energy advisory services group. The income thresholds associated with new cars are double those for used EVs.
Both the new and used credits are nonrefundable, meaning car buyers need to have a tax liability to get any value from the tax breaks.
“If I don’t have $4,000 of tax liability, what’s the tax credit worth to me? Not much,” Breaks said of the used vehicle credit.
Starting in 2024, however, a new mechanism will kick in for new and used cars whereby buyers can transfer their tax credits to dealers — perhaps allowing dealers to turn the tax break into a point-of-sale discount for consumers instead of a benefit that can only be claimed when filing an annual tax return, experts said. The IRS plans to issue additional guidance about this transfer provision.
A tax break for leased EVs
Alternatively, consumers also appear poised to get a tax break worth up to $7,500 for leasing new electric passenger vehicles.
This tax benefit doesn’t carry the manufacturing requirements attached to purchases of new cars, Malmgren said. That means a larger number of vehicles are likely to qualify at first — making the provision somewhat of a loophole for consumers who’d like to lease a car.
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“There are very few restrictions that apply,” Malmgren said.
The Inflation Reduction Act created this “qualified commercial clean vehicles credit” for business owners. Carmakers have affiliate leasing or financing arms that buy electric vehicles for commercial purposes and then lease the cars to consumers, at which point they may pass on the associated tax break, Malmgren said.
“Most of the manufacturers have been indicating really clearly they’ll pass the whole amount through [to consumers],” Malmgren said of the $7,500. “But you need to check. Because not all of them are passing it on.”
